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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Private speech ： ウィキペディア英語版 Private speech Private speech is speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior. Children from two to about seven years old can be observed engaging in private speech.〔〔〔 Although it is audible, it is neither intended for nor directed at others. Private speech was first studied by Lev Vygotsky (1934/1986) and Jean Piaget (1959); in the past 30 years private speech has received renewed attention from researchers.〔Deniz, C. B. (2001a, April). History of research methods in private speech. Session presented at the annual meeting of the National Council on Measurement and Evaluation, Seattle, WA.〕 Researchers have noted a positive correlation between children's use of private speech and their task performance and achievement,〔Bivens, J. A., & Berk, L. E. (1990). (A longitudinal study of the development of elementary school children's private speech ). Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 36, 443-463.〕〔Lee, J. (1999). The effects of 5-year-old preschoolers' use of private speech on performance and attention for two kinds of problem solving tasks. Dissertation Abstracts International, 60, 06A. (UMI No. AAG99-32671) Retrieved from http://psycnet.apa.org.mutex.gmu.edu/index.cfm?fa=search.displayRecord&id=8C268414-FC03-A15F-F5B1-6FB5BA434089&resultID=1&page=1&dbTab=all〕 a fact also noted previously by Vygotsky.〔 It is when children begin school that their use of private speech decreases and "goes underground". ==History and theory== Private speech is typically observed in children from about two to seven years old.〔〔〔 Private speech or "self-talk" is observed speech spoken to oneself for communication, self-guidance, and self-regulation of behavior.〔 Private speech is often thought to enhance the developing early literacy skills and help to increase a child's task performance, success, and achievement.〔 Numerous sources trace the first theories of private speech back to two, early well-known developmental psychologists, Vygotsky and Piaget.〔〔 Both of these psychologists mainly studied private speech in young children, yet they had different views and terms. In 1923, Piaget published ''The Language and Thought of the Child''.〔 In this book he recorded his observations of children talking to themselves in classrooms and termed the idea of self-talk as "egocentric speech",〔 which was the earliest concept of private speech. For Piaget egocentric speech was a sign of cognitive immaturity.〔 He thought egocentric speech would later develop into a fully mature and effective speech after a child gains a fair amount of cognitive and communicative skills.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Private speech」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.